Review Proton Neutron Electron Bonding Types of Elements

Lesson Objectives

• Review basic chemistry concepts: atoms, elements, ions, and molecules.
• Sympathize the types of chemic bonding and how they outcome in molecules.

Vocabulary

• atom
• atomic mass
• chemical bail
• covalent bond
• electron
• chemical element
• hydrogen bail
• ion
• ionic bond
• isotope
• molecular mass
• molecule
• neutron
• nucleus
• polar molecule
• proton

Introduction

Minerals are made up of different chemical elements bound together. Understanding mineral chemistry aids in agreement how minerals form and why they take certain properties.

Atoms and Isotopes

A chemical element is a substance that cannot be made into a simpler course by ordinary chemical means. The smallest unit of a chemical element is an cantlet. An atom has all the properties of that element. These are the parts of an atom:

• At the center of an atom is a nucleus made upwards of subatomic particles called protons and neutrons.
  • Protons have a positive electric accuse. The number of protons in the nucleus determines what element the cantlet is (Figure below).
  • Neutrons are about the size of protons only have no accuse.
• Tiny electrons, each having a negative electric charge, orbit the nucleus at varying energy levels in a region known as the electron cloud.

An introduction to the cantlet is seen on this Khan Academy video: http://world wide web.khanacademy.org/video/introduction-to-the-cantlet.

Major parts of an atom, although the electrons are more than accurately represented in a cloud. What chemical element is this? (Hint: 3 protons, 3 electrons)

Because electrons are minuscule compared with protons and neutrons, the number of protons plus neutrons gives the atom its atomic mass. All atoms of a given element always have the same number of protons only may differ in the number of neutrons found in its nucleus. Atoms of an chemical element with differing numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. For case, carbon always has 6 protons only may accept 6, 7, or viii neutrons. This means there are three isotopes of carbon: carbon-12, carbon-xiii, and carbon-fourteen. How many protons and neutrons brand up carbon-12? Carbon-13? Carbon-14?

For a funny view of the chemical elements, check out this Tom Lehrer song: http://www.youtube.com/sentinel?v=GFIvXVMbII0.

Ions and Molecules

Atoms are stable when they have a full outermost electron valence crush. To fill its outermost shell, an atom will give, take, or share electrons. When an atom either gains or loses electrons, this creates an ion. Ions accept either a positive or a negative electrical charge. What is the accuse of an ion if the atom loses an electron? An atom with the same number of protons and electrons has no overall charge, so if an atom loses the negatively charged electron, it has a positive accuse. What is the charge of an ion if the cantlet gains an electron? If the atom gains an electron, information technology has a negative charge.

Electron orbitals are described in this Khan Academy video: http://www.khanacademy.org/video/orbitals.

When atoms chemically bail, they course compounds. The smallest unit of a compound with all the properties of that compound is a molecule. When two or more than atoms share electrons to form a chemic bail, they form a molecule. The molecular mass is the sum of the masses of all the atoms in the molecule.

Chemic Bonding

Ions come together to create a molecule so that electrical charges are balanced; the positive charges residuum the negative charges and the molecule has no electric charge. To balance electric charge, an atom may share its electron with another atom, give it away, or receive an electron from some other atom.

The joining of ions to make molecules is chemical bonding. There are three principal types of chemical bonds:

• Ionic bail: Electrons are transferred betwixt atoms. An cantlet of a metallic will requite one or more than electrons to a non-metallic atom.
• Covalent bond: An cantlet shares one or more electrons with another atom. The sharing of electrons is non ever evenly distributed within a molecule. If one atom has the electrons more often than another cantlet in the molecule, the molecule has a positive and a negative side. It is a polar molecule because it acts a little bit as if information technology had poles, similar to a magnet (Figure below).
  • A great explanation of ionic and covalent bonding is found in this animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjcCvzWwww.
• Hydrogen bail: These weak, intermolecular bonds are formed when the positive side of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative side of another polar molecule.

A video almost chemical bonding, also from Khan Academy: http://www.khanacademy.org/video/ionic–covalent–and-metal-bonds.

Hydrogen and oxygen share electrons to form h2o, which is a covalently bonded, polar molecule. Watch this blitheness to meet how it forms: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmgE0w6E6ZI.

Water is a polar molecule. Because the oxygen atom has the electrons most of the time, the hydrogen side (blueish) of the molecule has a slightly positive charge while the oxygen side (red) has a slightly negative charge.

Lesson Summary

• An element is a substance that cannot be made into a simpler course by ordinary chemical means. It is made of atoms.
• An atom's nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons.
• The nucleus is orbited by negatively charged electrons found in the electron cloud.
• An ion is an atom that has gained or lost ane or more than electrons.
• Molecules form when electrons are transferred, creating ionic bonds, or when electrons are shared, forming covalent bonds.

Review Questions

1. How is an atom unlike from an ion? How is an atom unlike from an element?
2. Describe the subatomic particles you learned near in this lesson.
3. How is a molecule different from an element? Can a molecule be an element?
4. Retrieve of the smallest unit of h2o, a molecule of H_twoO. Which of the vocabulary words in this lesson describe the hydrogen? Which describe the oxygen? Which terms depict the whole H₂O unit?
5. In which type of bonding are electrons shared? In which are they given or taken? Which type of bail is stronger?

Farther Reading and Supplemental Links

• Basic chemical science in a fun, easy website: http://world wide web.chem4kids.com/index.html.
• Science Daily has chemistry news: http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/chemistry/.

Points to Consider

• The noble gases all have a full outermost electron level. How do they bind to other molecules?
• Why don't electrons wing off into space? Is electric force the aforementioned every bit the gravitational force that keeps planets orbiting the Sun?
• Water has a lot of unusual backdrop: It forms aerosol, lightweight insects tin can country on information technology, it is less dumbo in solid course (ice) than in liquid form. Tin can y'all link these properties to hydrogen bonding?

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjac-earthscience/chapter/matter-matters/

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